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BY IT PROGRAMMING WORLD
Dynamic Initialization of Constructor:
OUTPUT HERE BELOW…
A
variable is declared which is initialized from another argument.
OUTPUT HERE BELOW…
OUTPUT HERE BELOW…
Constructor and Destructor Example
with C++
Introduction:-
I know C++ is object
oriented programming language (OOPs). In OOPs using class and object here class
is user defined data type and object is instance of class. This mean that we should able to initialize a
class type variable (object) when it is declared much the same way as
initialization of an ordinary variable.
Example int A=20;
float A=5.67; are valid initialization
statement for basic data types.
In oops concept
constructor is a special member function of class and object.
Constructor:-
Basically simple word you can say create a data memory
in a program.
“A constructor is special member function whose task
is to initialize objects of its class”.
It is special because its name is the same as the class name. The constructor
is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is called constructor
it construct the value of data members of the class.
A constructor is declared
and defines as follow below:
//class with a constructor
Class integer
{
Int m,n;
public:
integer (void);
//constructor declared
…….
……………………
};
integer :: integer(void)
// constructor defined
{
m=0;
n=0;
}
The constructor functions have some special
characteristics:
1.
They should be
declared in the public section.
2.
They are invoked
automatically when the object are created.
3.
A default
constructor does not have any parameter but if you need a constructor can have
parameters.
4.
This helps you to
assign initial value to an object at the time of its creation they do not have
return types.
5.
They cannot
inherited, through a derived class can call the base class constructor.
6.
Constructor
cannot be virtual.
7.
An object with a
constructor (or destructor) cannot be used as a member of a union.
8.
They make
implicit calls to the operators new and delete when memory allocation required.
Note: - When a constructor is declared for a class,
initialization of the class objects become mandatory.
Parameterized
Constructor:-
A default constructor does
not have any parameter but if you need a constructor can have parameters. This
helps you to assign initial value to an object at the time of its creation. C++
permits us to achieve this objective by passing arguments to the constructor
function when the objects are created. The constructors that can arguments are
called parameterized constructor.
Example below:
Class integer
{
int m,n;
Public:
Integer (int x, int y);
//parameterized constructor
……………..
…………
};
integer :: integer(int x,
int y)
{
M=x;
N=y;
}
When a constructor has
been parameterized, the object declaration statement such as
integer int1; //may not work.
We just pass the initial
values as arguments to the constructor function when an object is declared.
This can be done in two methods:
By calling the constructor explicitly.
The following declaration
integer int1= integer
(0,100); //explicit call
This statement creates an
integer object int1 and passes the values 0 and 100 to it.
By calling the constructor implicitly.
integer int1=
int1(0,100); //implicit call
This statement called the
shorten method, is used very often as it is shorter, looks better the constructor.
Example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class integer
{
int m,n;
public:
integer(int, int); //constructor declared
void display(void)
{
cout<<"m="<<m<<"\n";
cout<<"n="<<n<<"\n";
}
};
integer::integer (int
x,int y) //constructor defined
{
m=x;
n=y;
}
main()
{
integer int1(0,100);
//implicit call
integer int2 = integer (25,75); //explicit call
cout<<"OBJECT1"<<"\n";
int1.display();
cout<<"OBJECT2"<<"\n";
int2.display();
}
Screenshots Below:
Output
below:-
Dynamic Initialization of Constructor:
Class objects can be
initialized dynamically too. That is, the initial value of
An object may provide
during run time. One advantage of dynamic initialization
Is that we can provide
various initialization formats, using overloaded constructors.
This provides the
flexibility of using different format of data at run time depending upon the
situation.
Consider the long term
deposit schemes working in the commercial banks.
The banks provide
different interest rates for different schemes as well as for different
Illustrates how to use the
class variables for holding account details
and how to construct these
variables at run time using dynamic initialization.
Example: Long-term fixed
deposit system using dynamic initialization of constructors.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Fixed_deposit
{
long int P_amount; //principal amount
int Years;
// period of ivestement
float Rate; //Interest rate
float R_value; //Return value of amount
public:
Fixed_deposit() //constructor declare
{}
Fixed_deposit(long int p, int y,
float r=0.12);
Fixed_deposit(long int p, int y,
int r);
void display(void); //using display method
};
Fixed_deposit::Fixed_deposit(long int p, int y, float
r) //constructor defined
{
P_amount=p;
Years=y;
Rate=r;
R_value=P_amount;
for(int i=1;i<=y;i++)
R_value=R_value *(1.0+r);
}
Fixed_deposit::Fixed_deposit(long int p,int y, int r)
{
P_amount=P_amount;
Years=y;
Rate=r;
R_value=P_amount;
for(int i=0;i<=y;i++)
R_value=R_value *(1.0+float(r)/100);
}
void Fixed_deposit::display(void)
{
cout<<"\n"<<"Principal
Amount="<<P_amount<<"\n"<<"Return Value="<<R_value<<"\n";
}
main()
{
Fixed_deposit FD1, FD2 ,FD3; //deposit created
long int p;
int y;
float r;
int R;
cout<<"Enter Amount,Period,Interest Rate(in
percent)"<<"\n";
cin>>p>>y>>R;
FD1=Fixed_deposit(p,y,R);
cout<<"Enter Amount,Period,Interest Rate(in
decimal)"<<"\n";
cin>>p>>y>>r;
FD2=Fixed_deposit(p,y,r);
cout<<"Enter Amount,Period,Interest Rate(in
percent)"<<"\n";
cin>>p>>y;
FD3=Fixed_deposit(p,y);
cout<<"\nDeposit 1";
FD1.display();
cout<<"\nDeposit 2";
FD2.display();
cout<<"\nDeposit 3";
FD3.display();
}
OUTPUT HERE BELOW…
The program uses three overloaded constructors. The
parameter values to these constructors are provided at run time. The user can
provide input in one of the following forms:
Ø
Amount, period and interest in decimal form.
Ø
Amount, period and interest in percent form.
Ø
Amount and period.
Since the constructors are overloaded with the
appropriate parameters, the
One that matches the input values is invoked. For
example, the second constructor
Is invoked for the forms (1) and (3), and the third is
invoked for the form (2).
Note:-that, for form (3), the
constructor with default argument is used. Since input to the third parameter
is missing it uses the default value for r.
Copy Constructor:
Copy constructor is used to create a copy of existing
object. A copy constructor takes a reference to an object of the same class as
itself as an argument. A copy constructor is called following cases.
A
variable is declared which is initialized from another argument. A
value parameter is initialized from its corresponding arguments. An
object is returned by a function.
The copy constructor takes a reference to a const parameter. It is const
to guarantee that the copy constructor doesn’t change it, and it is a reference
because a value parameter would require making a copy, which would invoke the
copy constructor, which would make a copy of its parameter, which would invoke
the copy constructor.
Example of copy
constructor:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class code
{
int
id;
public:
code(){} //constructor
code(int
a){id=a;} // constructor again
code
(code & x) // copy constructor
{
id=x.id; //copy in the value
}
void
display(void)
{
cout<<id;
}
};
main()
{
code
A(100); //object A is created
am initialized
code B(A); //copy constructor called
code
C=A; //copy constructor
called again
code
D(A); //copy constructor
called again
cout<<"\nid
of A:";
A.display();
cout<<"\nid
of B:";
B.display();
cout<<"\nid
of C:";
C.display();
cout<<"\nid
of D:";
D.display();
}
OUTPUT HERE BELOW…
Note:-
that a reference variable has been used in the argument to the copy
constructor.
We cannot pass the
argument by value to a copy constructor.
When no copy constructor
is defined, the complier supplies its own copy constructor.
Difference between copy
constructor and assignment
A copy constructor is used
to initialize a newly declared variable from an existing
Variable. This makes a
deep copy like assignment, but it is somewhat simpler:
·
There is no need
to test to see if it is being initialized from itself.
·
There is no need to clean up (e.g., delete) an
existing value (there is none).
·
A reference to itself is not returned.
Destructors:
“Basically simple
word you can say destroyed a data memory in a program.”
Destructors are also special member functions used in C++
programming
Language. Destructors have the opposite function of a
constructor. The main use of
Destructors are to release dynamic allocated memory.
Destructors are used to free
Memory release resources and to perform other clean up.
Destructors are automatically
Named when an object is destroyed. Like constructors,
destructors also take the same name
As that of the class name.
General Syntax of Destructors
~ classname ();
The above is the general syntax of a destructor. In the
above, the symbol tilde(~)
represents a destructor which precedes the name of the
class.
Some important points about destructors:
·
Destructors take the same name as the class
name.
·
Like the constructor, the destructor must also
be defined in the public.
·
Destructor must be a public member.
·
The destructor does not take any argument which
means that destructors cannot be overloaded.
·
No return type is specified for destructors.
The example below that the destructor has been invoked
implicitly by the compiler.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int count=0;
class alpha
{
public:
alpha() //constructor
{
count++;
cout<<"\nNo.
of Object Created"<<count;
}
~alpha() //destructor
{
cout<<"\n
No. of Object Destroyed"<<count;
count--;
}
};
main() // enter to main()
{
cout<<"\n\n
Enter Main\n";
alpha
A1, A2, A3, A4;
cout<<"\n\n
Enter Block 1\n";
alpha
A5;
cout<<"\n\n
Enter Block 2\n";
alpha
A6;
cout<<"\n\n
Re-Enter Main\n";
} // end of the main()
OUTPUT HERE BELOW…
Conclusion: -I hope
helpful for all of you here i am discussing about Constructor and Destructor is
class type parameter.
Thanks for Reading… :) In
Advance
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